> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://dante-solutions-inc.gitbook.io/dante-6.3-help-documentation/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://dante-solutions-inc.gitbook.io/dante-6.3-help-documentation/readme/material-models-for-steels/carburizing-model.md).
# Carburizing Model
Carburizing is a carbon diffusion process with carbon entering into the part surface from the carbon atmosphere. The carbon diffusivity is temperature and carbon dependent, and the data is defined by the keyword “\*STEEL\_CRBDIFF” in the material data \*.CRB file. Please reference Carburizing Material Data file [**Steel Material Carburizing Data File**](/dante-6.3-help-documentation/readme/material-database/steel-alloy-data/steel-material-carburizing-data-file.md)**.**
For low pressure carburizing (LPC), or gas carburizing with high carbon potentials (CP), carbide may form during the process. The amount of carbide and depth in a carburized part can be an important quality measure. A carbide forming model is necessary to simulate the carbide values and depth for process adjustment or optimization. LPC process is a series of boost/diffuse steps. During a boost step, the carbon on the part surface reaches to high value (equilibrium) quickly, and the carbon on the surface diffuses inward during the following diffuse step. In a vacuum chamber, there is no carbon entering into the part surface during a diffuse step, so the carbon on the surface decreases. For high alloy steels, the process can be more complicated due to the formation of alloy carbide during boost steps, and decomposing of alloy carbide during diffuse steps. The formation and decomposing of alloy carbide during LPC provide extra carbon source, which leads to high surface carbon and deeper case in general. DANTE carburizing material models have implemented the carbide forming and decomposing features, allowing accurately simulating the surface carbon and case depth. The material data are defined by keywords “\*STEEL\_CARB\_AFRMKIN” for carbide forming, and “\*STEEL\_CARB\_ADCPKIN” for carbide decomposing during carburizing process. An example of carbide forming and decomposing during LPC process of a high alloy steel is shown below to demonstrate the features described above.
Figure below shows the carbon and carbide profiles in austenite after the first boost step.
Figure below shows the carbide and carbon profile after the first diffuse step. The carbide value is greatly reduced due to its decomposing, compared with the results after the first boost, and the decomposed carbide is dissolved in austenite as nascent carbon.
The figure below shows the carbon and carbide profile at the end of the entire LPC process. A small amount of carbide is predicted in the shallow surface of the part. The LPC recipe can be further adjusted or optimized to control and value and depth of alloy carbide of the carburized parts.
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